GKTNPSC: GK Notes | General Knowledge for TNPSC

'Communication' derive from Latin Communicare, meaning to Share
Communication are Two Type namely 1. Personel Communication 2. Mass Communication
Personel Communication are 1. Letters 2. Telephone, 3. Telegram 4. Fax 5. Email 6.Internet

7. Postel Services 8. Mobile Phone
Mass Communication are 1. Radio 2. Television 3. Cinema 4. Satellite 5. News Paper 6.Books 7. Magazine 8.Public Meeting 9.Seminar 10. Conference

TELEPHONE :-

Telephone is a form of Oral Communication
Telephone Was Invented Alexander Graham Bell (10tht March 1876 )
STD – Subscriber Trunk Dialing
ISD - International Subscriber Dialing
SMS – Short Message Service

TELEGRAM :-

Telegram is form of Written Communication, message send quickly to distance place
Telegram was Invented Samuel Finley Breeaw Morse (1837)

FAX :-

Fax was Invented Alexander Bain (1843)
Fax Means Facsimile

E-MAIL :-

E- Mail was invented Shiva Ayyadurai ( 1979 )
E-Mail Copyrighted 1982
E-Mail means Electronic Mail

INTERNET :-

Internet (WWW) was Invented by Tim Berners-Lee (T.B.Lee) (6^th August 1991)
WWW – World Wide Web

POSTEL SERVICE :-

Indian Postal Service was introduced 1837
Indian Postal Service is the Largest Postal Service in the World (1,55,618 Post Offices)
People send Parcel and Mail
Mail has Classified 1.First Class Mail 2. Second Class Mail
First Class Mail are 1. Post Cards 2. Inland Letters 3.Envelopes
Second Class Mail are 1. Book packets 2. Registered News Paper 3. Periodicals
V.P.P means Value Payable by Post

RADIO :-

Radio Was Invented by Guglielmo Marconi ( 1895)
1909 Noble Prize for Physics (Radio Work)
Radio works ( Radio Waves ie Electromagnetic Waves (unit Hertz Hz)
In British India 1923, broadcasting Started by Radio Club of Bombay
1927 Private Indian Broadcasting Company Limted was Operate two Radio Stations

1. Mumbai Station 2. Calcutta Station
Government took over Broadcasting Service, Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) in 1930
Name Change in 1936 All India Radio (AIR) (Headquarter Delhi)
Name Change in 1957 Akashvani

TELEVISION :-

John Logie Baird was Invented Television
Television Broadcasting started in India 1959 in Delhi
1972 Television Broadcast extented in Bombay and Amritsar
1976 Television Broadcast separted from Radio Broadcast (Doordarshan (DD)

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION :-

INSAT – Indian National Satellite System
IRS – Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System
INSAT – Established 1983
PSLV – Polar Satellite Launch Vehile
NRSC – National Remote Sensing Centre at Hydrabad

Tnpsc Group 4 Geography Notes for all Competitive Exams Airways in India (10th SSG)

Airways is fastest and Very Costly
Airways Carry Passengers, Freight and Mail
In India Airmail Operation Allagabad to Naini ( Distance is 10 Km)
JRD (Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy) Tata India's First Licenced Pilot in 1929
JRD Tata is Father of Civil Aviation
Tata Started Tata Airlines in 1932
Tata Airlines Rename Air India in 1946
1947 in India Air Transport was Provide 4 Companies namely 1. Air Service of India 2. Deccan Airways 3. Indian National Airways 4. Tata Sons Limited
1951 in India Air Transport was Provide Anothor 4 Companies namely 1. Airways India 2. Bharat Airways 3.Himalayan Aviation Limited 4. Kalinga Airlines
1953 Air Transport was Nationalised in India Manage two Corporation namely 1. Air India and Indian Airlines
Now Indian Airlines rename 'Indian' from 8^th December 2005
Indian Government introduced Open Sky Policy for Cargo in April 1992
Pawan-HansHelicopter Limited is Public Sector Service Provide ONGC for Oils, Various State Government, Tourist for North-east Sector.
1986 Liberalisation policy of Air Transport some private companys give services
Private Air Transport Company in India are 1.Jet Airways 2. Inter Globe Aviation (INDIGO) 3. Spice Jet Operate Domestic Services
1995 Airport Authority of India (AAI) was Established
AAI India Maintain 129 Airports ( 17 International Airports)
2007 Government of India merged Air India and Indian Airlines New Name is NACIL
NACIL – National Aviation Corporation of India Limited
NACIL is Two Type name 1.NACIL – A 2. NACIL - I
NACIL – A Service International
NACIL – I Service Domestic service and South East Asia and Middle East
NACIL transport 159 Air bus and Boeing Aircrafts

International Airport in India ( 12 International Air Ports)

Sl.No.	Name of the Airport	City	State
1	Amritsar Internatinal Airport	Amritsar	Punjab
2	Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport	Mumbai	Maharastra
3	Chennai Internatinal Airport	Chennai	Tamilnadu
4	Cochine Internatinal Airport	Kochi	Kerala
5	Goa Air Port	Vasco da Gama	Goa
6	Hydrabad Air Port	Hydrabad	Andhra Pradesh
7	Indra Gandhi International Airport	New Delhi	New Delhi
8	Kempegowda Internatinal Airport	Bangalore	Karnataka
9	Lokpriya Gopinath Bordolio International Airport	Guwahathi	Assam
10	Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Internatinal Airport	Kolkata	West Bengal
11	Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport	Ahmedabad	Gujarat
12	Trivandrum International Airport	Trivandrum	Kerala

List of Airports in Tamilnadu

Sl.No	Name of Airport	City
1	Chennai International Airport	Chennai
2	Coimbatore International Airport	Coimbatore
3	Hosur Aerodrome	Hosur
4	Madurai Airport	Madurai
5	Salem Airport	Salem
6	Tiruchirapalli International Airport	Tiruchirapalli
7	Tuticorine Airport	Tuticorine
8	Vellore	Vellore

List of Airports in Tamilnadu Defence Purpose

Sl.No	Name of Airport	City
1	Tambaram Air Force Station	Chennai
2	Sulur Air Force Station	Coimbatore
3	INS Rajali Navel Air Station	Arakonam
4	Thanjavur Air Force Station	Thanjavur
5	INS Parundu	Uchipuli (Ramanathapuram)

Tnpsc Group 4 Geography Notes 11

Water Ways divided in 1. Inland Water ways 2. Over Seas
In India Inland waterway length is 14,500KM (5685 KM Rivers, 400 KM Canels)
IWAI - Inland Waterways Authority of India
IWAI - Established 27th October 1986, Headquarter Noida, Uttar Pradesh
In India there are 5 National Waterways they are:-

Sl.No	Waterways	Stretch	Km	Established
1	N W1	Allahabad-Haldia Stretch of Ganga	1620	October 1986
2	NW 2	Saidiya-Dhubri Stretch of Bramaputhra	891	1^st September 1988
3	NW 3	Kollam-Kottapuram Stretch of West Coast Canel, Champakara Canal and Udyogmandal Canel	205	February 1993
4	NW 4	Bradrachalam-Rajamundry and Wazirabad Vijayawada Stretch of Krishna Godavari river system along with Kakinad Puducherry Canel Network	1095	25^th November 2008
5	NW 5	Mangalgadi-Paradeep and Talcher – Dhamara Stretch of the Mahanati, Brahmani river along with the East Coast Canel	623	November 2008

Some other Inland Waterways are 1. Mandavi 2.Zuari 3.Cumberjua 4. Sunderbans 5.Barak 6.Backwaters of Kerela
Nehru Trophy Boat Race held Backwaters in Kerala (VALLAMKALI)

Ocen Routes :-

India has 7516 KM of Long Coast with 13 Major Ports and 200 Minor and Intermediate ports in India.
Medium and Intermediate Ports Controlled by State Government
West Coast Major Ports are 1. Jawaharlal Nehru 2. Kandla 3. Kochin 4. Marmagoa

5. Mumbai 6.New Mangalore
East Coast Major Ports are 1. Chennai 2. Ennore 3.Haldia 4. Kolkatta 5. Paradip 6. Tuticorin 7.Visagapattinam
India is Sixteenth Largest Ship Owning Country in the World
India is Second Largest Ship Owning Country in Asia
India has 4 Major Ship Building Yards are

1. Hindustan Shipyard at Visakapattinam

2. Garden Reach Workshop at Kolkata

3. Mazagaon Dock Mumbai

4. Kochi Shipyard Kochi
India Portr Acts 1908 and Major Port Trust Act 1963 allow private investment in Ports.

Tnpsc Group 4 Geography Notes 10

Indian Road Network is the Second Longest in the World
Roads Classified 1. Village Roads 2.District Roads 3. State Highway 4. National Highways 5.Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways 6.Expressways 7.Border Roads

8.International Highways
State Highways Construct and Maintained by State Public Works Department (SPWD)
National Highways Maintain by Central Public Works Department (CPWD)
Longest National Highways in India NH 7(or) NH44, Varanasi to Kaniyakumari (2369 KM)
Shortest National Highways in India NH 47 A,Ernakulam to Kochi (5.9 KM)
Pan American Highways is the World First Longest Highway (48,000 KM)
Highway 1, Australia is the World Second Longest Highway (14,500 KM)
NHAI – National Highways Authority of India.
NHAI Operationalised in February 1995.
NHAI is a Autonomous Body, and Ministry of Road Transport
BRO - Border Road Organisation
BRO – Established in May 1960
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Numbering system of National Highways Road in 28^th April 2010
Koyambedu Bus Terminus is the Largest Bus Stand In Asia, CMBT ( Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus )

National Highways in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has 24 National Highways. 12 National Highways within Tamilnadu (4873 KM as on 31^st March 2010)
4 National Highways share with Kerala (NH 47, NH 49, NH 208, NH 220)
2 National Highways share with Andhra Pradesh ( NH 205, NH 219 )
3 National Highways share with Karnataka ( NH 67, NH 207, NH 209 )
3 National Highways share with Multiple State ( NH 4, NH 5, NH 7)

List of National Highways in Tamil Nadu

Sl.No.	NH No.	NH Route	Distance (in KM)
1	NH 7A	Palayamkottai to Tuticorine	51
2	NH 45	Chennai to Theni	550
3	NH 45A	Villupuram to Nagapattinam	147
4	NH 45 B	Tiruchi to Tuticorine	257
5	NH 45 C	Thanjavur to Vikravandi	159
6	NH 46	Krishnagiri to Ranipet	148
7	NH 47 B	Nagarkoil to Kavalkinaru	45
8	NH 66	Krishnagiri to Pondicherry	208
9	NH 68	Salem to Ulundurpettai	134
10	NH 210	Tiruchi to Ramanathapuram	160
11	NH 226	Perambalur to Manamadurai	241
12	NH 227	Tiruchi to Chidambaram	135

Highways Department (HD) was Establish in Tamil Nadu April 1946.
30^th October 2008 name was change Highways and Minor Ports Department(HMPD)
HMPD is responsible for National Highways, State Highways, Some District Roads.
HMPD in Tamil Nadu runs Seven Divisions they are

1. Construction and Maintenance Wing 2. Investigation and Design Wing 3.Metro Wing 4.NABARD and Rural Roads Wing 5.National Highway Wing, 6. Project Wing and

7. Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project Wing
Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project Wing Imporve the Tamil nadu Roads get Finance from World Bank.
Tamil Nadu State Highways divided in Seven Circles they are 1.Chennai 2. Coimbatore 3.Madurai 4.Salem 5.Thirunelveli 6. Tiruchi 7. Villupuram
Tamil Nadu State Highways Distance as on 31^st March 2010 – 9384 KM
NABARD – National Bank For Agriculture and Rural Development
NABARD Bank Established in 12^th July 1982, Headquarters in Mumbai.

Tnpsc Group 4 Geography Notes 9

Transports :-

Transport plays a paramount role in carrying goods and people in all components of the country
Transport in 3 Type Namely 1.Land Transport 2.Water Transport 3. Air Transport

Land Transport

Land convey is the convey of goods, passengers, materials, commodities, and animals via roads by betokens of sundry types of conveyances and motorised mechanisms, including tractors carrying goods, passengers and animals, and automobiles ranging from three-wheeled conveyances to all types of automobiles
Land Transport divided in three type 1.Roadways 2.Railways 3.Pipelines

Water Transport

Water transport is moving people, goods, etc.Peoples and goods moving by barge, boat, ship or sailboat over a sea, ocean, lake, canal, river, etc
Water Transport divided in 1. Inland Water Way 2. Over seas

Air Transport

A method of conveyance by which passengers, mail, and cargo are conveyed by air. The chief advantage of this method is the considerable duration preserved because of the high speed of the flight
Air Transport divided in 1. Domestic Airways 2. International Airways

Tnpsc Group 4 Geography Notes 8

In India 13 Major Ports , 200 Intermediate and Minor Ports.

Sl.No	Ports Name / Coast	State	Specialization
1	Chennai Eastern	Tamil Nadu	Artificial Harbour. First Largest in Tamil Nadu. Second Largest Port in India. Largest port in Bay of Bengal. Third Oldest Port in India.
2	Ennore Eastern	Tamil Nadu	Rename Kamarajar Port Limited. 12^th Major port. India's First Corporate Port.
3	Haldia Eastern	West Bengal	Kolkatta First Green Port in the Country. Riverine port.
4	Kolkatta Eastern	West Bengal	Hugli River. Construct British East India Company. Riverine Port.
5	Paradip Eastern	Odisha	Artificial Deep Water port. Paradip own Railway system. Construct Second Five Year Plan. Large Amount of Iorn ore Export to Japan.
6	Visagapattinam Eastern	Andhra Pradesh	Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
7	Tuticorin Eastern	Tamil Nadu	Rename V.O.Chidambaranar Port. Second Largest in Tamil Nadu. Fourth Largest Container Terminal in India.
8	Jawaharlal Nehru (or) Nhava Sheva Western	Maharastra	Nhava Sheva, Largest Container Port in India. King Port of Arabian Sea.
9	Kandala Port Western	Gujarat	Gulf of Kutch (District). Offshore terminal Vadinar. Port of Kandala Special Economic Zone(KASEZ) was established in 1965 India and Asia First Special Economic Zone.
10	Kochin Western	Kerala	Situated Vembanad Kayal. Queen of the Arabian Sea. Natural Harbour.
11	Marmagao Western	Goa	Natural Harbour. Navel Base.
12	Mumbai Western	Maharastra	Natural Deep Water Harbour. First Biggest and Busiest Port in India. One fifth of India's Foreign Trade.
13	New Mangalore Port (or) Panambur Port Western	Karnataka	Panambur, Mangalore. Seventh Largest port in India. Upgrade Fourth Five Year Plan.

Tnpsc Group 4 Geography Notes 7

Trade Means Buying, Selling or exchange Goods and Service.
Trade Two Type Namely 1. Internal Trade or National Trade 2. International Trade.
Salary the word come from Latin Word Salarium.
International Trade two type 1.Bilateral trade (Two Country)2.Multi-Lateral trade (Many Countries)
APEC – Asian Pacific Economic Community
ASEAN – Association of South East Asian Nations
EEC - European Economic Community
GATT – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
SAPTA - South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement
WTO - World Trade Oraganisation
Trade Components Export(Goods and Service sold Foreign Country) Import (Goods and Service Bought from Overseas).
India Import nearly 6,000 Goods from 140 Countries.
Balance of Trade : Difference between Export and Import Value.
Favourable Balance of Trade : Country Export Value Higher than Import Value.(ex Japan)
Unfavourable Balance of Trade : Country Import Value Higher than Export Value.(ex India)
In India 2012-2013, Import Value 590.6 billion US Dollars, Export Value 464.2 billion US Dollars
Vishesh Krishi Upaj Yojna introduced export of Fruits, Vegitables,Flowers and Minor Forest Product.
GATT – 23 Countries Sign in 1947 at Geneva

23 Countries are

1.Australia	2. Belgium	3.Brazil	4. Burma
5.Canada	6.Ceylon	7.Chile	8.China
9. Cuba	10.Czechoslovakia	11.France	12. India
13.Lebanan	14.Luxembourg	15.Netherland	16.New Zealand
17.Norway	18. Pakistan	19.Southern Rhodesia	20.Syria
21.South Africa	22. United Kingdom	23.United States

GATT enforce from January 1^st 1948, Until 31^st December 1994.
GATT was replace by the World Trade Organisation(WTO) on 1^st January 1995
WTO Head Quarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
162 Members of WTO since 30^th November 2015.

List of Regional Trades

Sl.No	Regional Trade	Explanation	Head Quarter	Established Year
1	ASEAN	Association of South East Asian Nations	Jakarta, Indonesia	August 1967
2	CIS	Commonwealth of Independent States	Minisk,Belarus	8^th December 1991
3	EU	European Union	Brussels, Belgium	EEC March -1957 EU-February 1992
4	LAIA	Lation America Integration Association	Montevideo, Uruguay	1960
5	NAFTA	North American Free Trade Association	Mexico City(Mexico), Ottawa (Canada), Washington D.C(USA)	1994
6	OPEC	Organisations of Petrolium Exporting Countries	Vienna,Austria	1949
7	SAFTA	South Asian Free Trade Agreement		6^th January 2006

TNPSC Group 4 Geography Notes 6

Pipelines were transport Water,Crudeoil, Natural Gas, Solids in Long Distance.
Assam Oil Company was producing Oil at Digboi, Assam
Digboi Discover in 1889.
ONGC – Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Founded : 14^th August 1956

Head Quarter : Dehradun, Uttrakand
ONGC is Top Energy Company in India; Asia -5^th : Global-21^st by Platts Survey in 2014.
OIL – Oils India Limited. Founded : 18^th February 1959 Head Quarter: Duliajan, Assam

Naharkatia-Nunmati-Barauni Pipeline (1157KM)

First Pipeline Construct in India by OIL transport Crudeoil
First Phase 1962 Naharkatiya(Assam) to Nunmathi
Second Phase 1964 Nunmathi to Barauni refinery in Bihar
Third Phase 1966 Barauni to Kanpur

Mumbai High-Mumbai-Ankleshwar-Kayoli Pipeline

Mumbai High Mumbai -210 Kilometre Double Pipeline transport Crudeoil and Natural Gas
Ankleshwar- Kayoli (Gujarat) 1965 transport Crudeoil

Salaya-Koyali-Mathura Pipeline (1256KM)

Salaya (Gulf of Kachchh – Gujarat) with Mathura (Uttrapradesh via Viramgram ) transport
Crude oil from Gujarat to Punjab (Jalandhar) via Mathura.

Naharkatia-Nunmati-Barauni Pipeline (1157KM)

Salaya-Koyali-Mathura Pipeline (1256KM)

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